How has the Supreme Court interpreted the right of citizens to vote under the Fifteenth Amendment?

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees citizens of the United States the right to vote regardless of race or color. However, how this right has been interpreted by the Supreme Court has evolved over the years. In the case of Guinn v. United States (1915), the Supreme Court ruled that not all literacy tests used to restrict voting were unconstitutional, as the Fifteenth Amendment does not promise or guarantee universal suffrage. In this decision, the Supreme Court determined that states may use literacy tests in order to restrict voting, as long as all citizens, regardless of race or color, are given the opportunity to participate in the voting process. In the more recent case of Oregon v. Mitchell (1970), the Supreme Court declared that states could not use literacy tests as a means of preventing citizens from voting. The Court held that the Fifteenth Amendment’s protection of the right to vote means that states must provide the same opportunity for citizens of all races to participate in the voting process. In North Carolina, the voter ID law was recently struck down by the Supreme Court on the grounds that it was intended to impede the right to vote of African-Americans. This decision reaffirmed the right of all citizens to have equal access to the voting process and the right to vote without facing discriminatory practices.

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How has the Supreme Court interpreted the right of citizens to vote under the Fifteenth Amendment?

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