What is the doctrine of res judicata in civil litigation?

The doctrine of res judicata is an important concept in civil litigation law in California. Simply put, res judicata is a Latin phrase meaning “the thing has been decided,” and it is an affirmative defense that can be used to prevent relitigation of the same claim. Res judicata applies when four elements are present: (1) a valid, final judgment on the merits from a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) identity of cause of action; (3) identity of parties (or their privies); and (4) identity of subject matter. For example, if two individuals file a lawsuit in which the court renders a binding judgment for one party, then the losing party may not bring a second suit on the same claim. The doctrine of res judicata will act as a bar to the second suit. In addition, the doctrine applies even if the second suit is based on higher or different damage claims or different legal theories. In cases of collateral estoppel (or issue preclusion), the doctrine of res judicata will also apply as a bar, to prevent relitigation of the same issue that has been actually litigated and determined in a prior action. The doctrine of res judicata is an important concept in civil litigation law, because it allows courts to avoid relitigation of the same issue, and to move their dockets efficiently. It is designed to promote judicial efficiency and truth determination, because if a court has already made a valid and final judgment on the merits about an issue, its decision should not be subject to relitigation.

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What is the doctrine of res judicata in civil litigation?

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