How has the Supreme Court interpreted the interstate commerce clause?

The Interstate Commerce Clause is an important part of the U.S. Constitution, granting the power to Congress "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." Since the clause was written in 1787, the Supreme Court has interpreted it in many ways ranging from supporting individual rights to economic regulation. First, the Courts have used the Interstate Commerce Clause to protect individual rights by finding that Congress must regulate interstate commerce in order to ensure such rights. In the famous case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Court held that the clause was the source of Congress’s authority to issue licenses for steamboat navigation between New York and New Jersey. Second, the Supreme Court has interpreted the Clause to protect economic interests and to prevent states from discriminating against each other’s commercial interests. The Court has also used the clause to prevent unconstitutional state laws that burden interstate commerce. An example of this is in the case of Cooley v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia (1851), where the Court struck down a state law requiring all ships passing through the Philadelphia harbor to pay a harboring fee. Finally, the Supreme Court has interpreted the Clause to promote the development of transportation and communication infrastructure. In the landmark case of Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886), the Court held that the clause gives Congress the power to set standards for the construction and operation of railroads and other transportation networks connecting different states. Overall, the Supreme Court has used the Interstate Commerce Clause to interpret and protect the rights of individuals, businesses, and states, as well as to promote economic development. As the nation has grown and technology advanced, the Court has adapted the interpretation of the clause to the changes of the times.

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How has the Supreme Court interpreted the interstate commerce clause?

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