How has the Supreme Court interpreted the scope of federal power under the US Constitution?

The Supreme Court has interpreted the scope of federal power under the US Constitution in many ways. The Court has broadly interpreted the the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause and found that Congress does have the power to regulate interstate commerce, even if the activity or object of commerce is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution. For example, in the 2005 case Gonzales v. Raich, the Court upheld a federal law prohibiting the cultivation and possession of marijuana for medical use, even though the activity was outside of interstate commerce and only involved the cultivation and possession of marijuana in California. The Court has also interpreted the Spending Clause of the US Constitution as granting Congress the power to attach conditions to the spending it distributes to states, which it has done to expand the scope of federal law. For example, in New York, Congress has attached conditions to federal funds awarded to the state such as requirements that states must have certain programs in place in order to receive the funds. This allowed the federal government to expand its reach in areas beyond interstate commerce. At the same time, the Court has also limited the scope of federal power under the US Constitution. For example, in the 1997 case United States v. Lopez, the Court found that a federal law prohibiting the possession of firearms in school zones exceeded the scope of congressional power under the Commerce Clause. Overall, the Supreme Court has interpreted the scope of federal power under the US Constitution in a broad manner, allowing it to expand its reach beyond the express limits of the Constitution. At the same time, the Court has also put some limits on the scope of federal power, ensuring that Congress does not exceed the boundaries of the Constitution.

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How has the Supreme Court interpreted the scope of federal power under the US Constitution?

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